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Former Indian reservations in Oklahoma are the Indian reservations in the lands that are now the state of Oklahoma. Prior to statehood, both Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory contained suzerain Indian Nations that had legally established boundaries. The US Federal government broke up collective tribal landholdings through the allotment process before the establishment of Oklahoma as a state in 1907. Instead of reservations, Oklahoma Indian tribes have tribal jurisdictional areas,〔 Schlosser, Thomas P. ("Tribal Civil Jurisdiction." ) ''Morisset, Schlosser, Homer, Jozwiak & McGaw''. June 2001. Retrieved 12 Jan 2013.〕 with Osage Nation being the one exception. As confirmed by the Osage Nation Reaffirmation Act of 2004, the Osage Nation retains mineral rights to their reservation,〔Sunlight Foundation. ("Reaffirmation Of Certain Rights Of The Osage Tribe." ) ''Capital Worlds.'' 1 June 2004. Retrieved 12 Jan 2013.〕 the so-called "Underground Reservation." As a part of the process of tribal reorganization, under the 1936 Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act, the concept of “Former Indian Reservations in Oklahoma” was created; this is land identified by the Secretary of the Interior that is defined by the boundary of an Indian tribe’s former reservation in Oklahoma. The term “Former Indian Reservations in Oklahoma” should not to be confused with the term Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area, which is a US Census definition and represent the boundaries of reservations before Oklahoma became a state and may extend beyond the borders of the State of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Tribal Statistical information has been available since the 1990 census. ==Background== In preparation for Oklahoma’s admission to the union on an “Equal footing with the original States” 〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title= Choctaw Nation v State of Oklahoma (Mineral Rights Arkansas River) Supreme Court 90 S.Ct. 1328 (April 27. 1970) Section I ) 〕 by 1907, through a series of acts, including the Oklahoma Organic Act and the Oklahoma Enabling Act, Congress unilaterally dissolved all sovereign tribal governments within the state of Oklahoma, transferred all tribal lands by Land patent (or first-title deed) to either individual tribal members, sold to non-tribal members on a first-come basis (typically by Land run), or was held in trust by the Federal government for the benefit of the members of the tribes. By 1936 the Federal Government had changed its policy with regards to Indian tribes, and Indian Nations within the state of Oklahoma were reinstated by the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act. However, by this time, the State of Oklahoma was a Sovereign State and the powers and authorities that other non-Oklahoma reservations possess could not be taken back from the State of Oklahoma. Congress tried to further rectify the situation through the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, which authorized substantial tax incentives based on certain business activity within Indian reservations. Congress wanted to insure these benefits would also be available in Oklahoma by including in the legal definition of “Indian reservation’ the term “former Indian reservations in Oklahoma.” In a 1997 amendment, these lands were defined as those lands as the “then-current jurisdictional areas” of Oklahoma Indian tribes, as determined by the Secretary of the Interior. 〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Incentives / American Indian Land Tax Credit: Oklahoma Department of Commerce ) 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Former Indian reservations in Oklahoma」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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